Objective One of the essential aspects of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is LEISURE TIME activities. One of the duties of occupational therapists is the evaluation and implementation of therapeutic interventions in the field of LEISURE for patients with neurological disorders such as MS. However, before presenting any intervention for increasing the ability of MS patients to spend their LEISURE TIME, it is necessary to study the concept of this field scientifically and systematically and identify and evaluate the factors affecting it. Many symptoms of MS, such as fatigue and mental health PROBLEMS, may affect LEISURE activities. This study examines the relationship of LEISURE TIME activities with fatigue and mental health PROBLEMS (stress, anxiety, and depression) in MS patients. Materials & Methods This research is a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all MS patients referred to Imam Khomeini Clinic, Mobasher Kashani Hospital, and MS Association in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2019. Of them, 99 (70 women, 29 men) with a Mean± SD age of 32. 28± 8. 26 years were selected by using a convenience sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For data collection, we used the MS LEISURE questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS). After obtaining written informed consent from the patients, the study questionnaires were completed by them. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 16. The Spearman correlation test was used to examine the relationship of LEISURE TIME activities with fatigue and mental health PROBLEMS. Results There was a significant relationship between LEISURE activities and fatigue tests of VAFS (P=0. 003) and FSS (P=0. 001). Fatigue showed a high negative correlation with all LEISURE domains (r=0. 350, P=0. 001) of difficult, social, spiritual/religious, out-of-home physical, and art/cultural activities and reduced them. The overall score of DASS was significantly correlated with LEISURE TIME spiritual/religious activity (r=-0. 263), out-of-home physical activity (r=-0. 213) and art/cultural activity (r=-0. 205). Regarding its subscales, anxiety showed a significant correlation only with LEISURE TIME social activities (r=-0. 259), stress with spiritual/religious activities (r=-0. 212), and depression with all domains of LEISURE TIME activities except for difficult activities (P≤ 0. 005) Conclusion LEISURE TIME activities are associated with fatigue and mental health PROBLEMS (stress, anxiety, and depression) in MS patients. Stress and anxiety only affect their LEISURE TIME social activities. Fatigue or mental health PROBLEMS can reduce the amount of LEISURE TIME.

LEISURE TIME is an exceptional opportunity to transmit culture and foster social cohesion and happiness; however, the reality of women's LEISURE TIME consumption in cities and especially in Tehran's metropolitan area indicates a much lower share of LEISURE TIME than men and that there are serious limitations on their LEISURE, sports, and recreational facilities. The current study aimed at examining married women's LEISURE PROBLEMS in Tehran. The research approach was qualitative and 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three groups of experts (policymakers, executives and university professors). Thematic Analysis was used for data analysing. It was found that two global themes of "Intra-governmental" and "Extra-governmental" PROBLEMS could explain the LEISURE PROBLEMS of the target group. "Marginalization", "Lack of special attention to women", "Conspicuous or exhibition policies", "Apathy" and "Managerial vacuum" are intragovernmental PROBLEMS. "Restriction", "Dominance of consumption", "Accumulation of LEISURE" and "Conspicuous body project" are extragovernmental PROBLEMS. This study illustrated that LEISURE PROBLEMS for married women in Tehran have a cultural root and are caused by "cultural neglect and misunderstanding" about "woman" and "LEISURE".

Objective: The LEISURE TIME is appeared to be new social area which have been conceptualized and defined as product of modernity within the context of social and cultural changes and increasing consumption culture. The study of LEISURE TIME as a socio-cultural process and investigating its distinctions in terms of various patterns of social inequality is a novel interest in the sociology of LEISURE TIME. Therefore, regarding the young structure of Iranian population and the importance of inquiring social characteristics of LEISURE patterns, this paper concerns to study the patterns of management of LEISURE TIME and different forms of social inequality affecting it among Iranian young people (15-29 years old). Method: This study is based on secondary analysis of data extracted from the national survey of socio-economic characteristics of Iranian households in 2001 Statistics Center of Iran.Findings and Conclusion: The results emphasize on symbolic importance of LEISURE in youth lives and its significant relationship with the different forms of social inequality in society studied, that is, the context in which the youth have different access to LEISURE opportunities and chances, and the different styles of LEISURE are experiences in terms of the forms of social inequality such as spatial, gender, ethnic, and class inequalities.

After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two PROBLEMS relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same TIME, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

This article reports the second part of the findings of a research study conducted during 1377/1998- 1378/1999academicyear to pin down PROBLEMS experienced by Shahid Chamran University students vis-a-vis their LEISURE TIMEs. This article concentrates only on PROBLEMS. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the students enrolled at SCU in the said academic year. Research sample consisted of 700 students selected by simple random sampling procedure. The data- gathering instrument consisted of a researcher- made questionnaire whose items were gleaned from previous research findings and opinions contributed by the students. The reliability of this instrument was calculated to be .95 using test/re-test and Cronbach's alpha methods. The validity of this instrument was determined by referring to expert views and students' opinions. Factor analysis method, ANOVA, and t-test were used to analyze the data. Factor analysis categorized the data around four factors: 1) socio- cultural factor, 2) psychological/motivational factor, 3) family factor, and 4) economic factor. These factors explained 27.8%, 16%, 8.6% and 6.76% of the variance of LEISURE TIME PROBLEMS, respectively (totally 54%). Findings indicate that socio- cultural PROBLEMS top the students' PROBLEMS. Lack of facilities and university's failure to offer desirable programs, socio-political limitations are among the main PROBLEMS under factor No 1. Factors 2-4 underline dormitory life, familial responsibilities, esp. poverty and high cost of living, as students' major PROBLEMS.      

The present study aimed to systematically review the recent researches in the field of LEISURE TIME physical activity using managerial approach. This study was a secondary study that has been done in systematic review method. In doing so, firstly to determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria, an evaluation form was prepared and its face validity was then confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sport and LEISURE management. In the initial search for data collection, based on pre-determined key words, 831 articles were recognized between 2005 to 2018-TIME period. Considering the research inclusion criteria, 101 articles were analyzed. In sum, 280 textual propositions were identified. Afterwards the detected textual propositions were summarized into the 185 items. In the next step, these 185 propositions were divided into four categories: a- motivators, b- concepts or barriers, c- outcomes, d- the change-needed fields. So, it is suggested to key decision makers to have a comprehend attention on issues contributed to providing participation necessities for all segments of the population (i.e. vulnerable groups) by promoting inter-organizational collaborations.

Today, spending LEISURE TIME and planning for it, is one of the developing indexes’ in society. This study had done for the purpose of developing a model for students’ LEISURE TIME. the research method was qualitative with a grounded theory approach. To collect data, a deep interview with LEISURE TIME professionals’ was conducted. The samples were selected purposefully using sequential chains (until theoretical adequacy of data). The interpretative analysis approach was used to analyze the content of the interviews using open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the interviews by reviewing and refining the findings and the reliability of the interviews by audit process (documentation) and intra-subject agreement (0. 86) were confirmed. The content analysis of the interviews led to the identification of 62 key concepts that were integrated into 8 categories. Regarding LEISURE activities as a central issue, six factors including drivers, individual factors, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and challenges affect the selection of LEISURE activities. LEISURE TIME and how it passes through is influenced by several factors. In order to improve students’ LEISURE activities, should consider individual factors, drivers, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and existing challenges.

This study evaluates the conditions of prioritizing social media as a mean for spending LEISURE TIME, the way people use social media, and its negative and positive impacts from the viewpoint of users. It aws carried out via grounded theory approach and qualitative interviews with 10 active users. According to the results of data analysis, four factors were pinpointed as the main underlies of using social media as a mean for spending LEISURE TIME, including communication needs, LEISURE needs, technological needs, and the need for various experiences. Three main positive impacts of social media are growth of communication abilities, psychological effects, and improvement of individual interests. On the other hand, it has negative impacts on family and social relations, physical and mental health and individual effects. Technological-technical effects and mental-psychological are activity continuity factors. The result of this research confirmed a process of replacing the virtual LEISURE with real LEISURE and Combining the concepts of work and LEISURE for users.

Objectives: substanceabuseis one of the mostimportantintricacythat threaten the health of different people especially youths and unemployment is also a problem in developing and third world countries that in addition to evil economic consequences is said as a tendency toward crime, guilt and mental diseases. Some studies show a relation between tendency toward substance use and unemployment and all of these researches show that unemployment is a risk factor for substance use. Unemployment persons relate with a lot of people in a day and they have a lot of LEISURE that spend with others and do activities during a day. The aim of this study was to compare LEISURE between two groups of Iranian unemployed male youths; drug users and non-users.Method: This casual comparative study enrolled 200 unemployed young men (20 -30 years) who had referred to job centers ofIsfahan. The subjects, selected via cluster random sampling: were divided into two groups: group I: those who had used substance during the first 6 months after unemployment (n=65) and group two: those who had not used any illicit drugs during this period (n=135). The two groups were compared in terms of LEISURE. Some instances such as: unemploying for at least 6 months, lack of substance using before unemployment, aware satisfaction in cooperation with research are used as entering criteria and experience of mental diseases and substance use before employment used as exit criteria.Data collecting means was checklist that was made by researchers. This checklist was prepared after review of reference and qualitative study in unemployed who refer to employment centers of Isfahan and they didn't use substance after 6 months of unemployment. It was questioned from unemployment in research about period of unemployment and do you used substance until and if they used substance they should answered "when they used for first TIME". If person had used substance before unemployment, he was thanked and that checklist didn't give him. Filling of check list was lasted 15minutes by any sample.Findings: Statistically there isn't meaningful relation between married situation and education level, age and number of family member in two groups of unemployed who used and not used substance(P<0/05).Average of numbers of TIME in each day such as: listening to music, fiiendly speaking, participated persons in friendly speaking, addicted participated in friendly speaking, friendly speaking with addicted persons were reported more in unemployed who used substance when compared with non used unemployed (P<0/05).Our logistic regression model showed that substance use could be predicted by mean hours of friendly speaking with addicted a day in last week (OR=2/606,CI: 1/600-4/244 , P<0.001),mean hours of friendly speaking with non addicted a day in last week (OR=1/122,CI: 1/025-1/229, P=0/013).Results: in this research numbers of friendly speaking TIME with addicted and non addicted are predicators of substance use in unemployed male youths. It is suggested that policy makers pay attention to this factors in their macroprograms about fight against opiates.

The aim of this study was to design a LEISURE TIME model for students across the country. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and was conducted in the field. Qualitative snowball sampling was performed. The statistical population consisted of professors of sport management and sociology who had educational and research activities in the field of LEISURE TIME. According to the method of sequential sampling (increasing the sample size until the theoretical adequacy was reached), the sample size in the qualitative section was 14 persons. Also, the sample size in the quantitative section according to the size of the statistical population (2431286) using Cochran formula, included 1627 students. In-depth interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0. 89). The research data were coded in the qualitative section with an interpretive approach and in the quantitative section were analyzed using correlation tests (Spearman and linear regression) and comparisons (one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance). The results showed that Internet use had a negative effect on LEISURE TIME satisfaction. Also, the availability of recreational facilities increased access to sports activities, and increased levels of wellbeing are associated with increased levels of LEISURE TIME satisfaction. Finally, the LEISURE TIME model was formulated with six factors influencing LEISURE choice (including propulsion, individual factors, social and environmental factors, management factors, government factors, and challenges) and the consequences of LEISURE TIME.